how do you treat a fever in an infant

Infant Pyrexia Management

Physiological Aspects of Fever in Infants

Fever, or pyrexia, in infants is defined as a rectal temperature exceeding 38°C (100.4°F). It's a common symptom indicating the body's response to infection or inflammation. The underlying cause must be identified, not solely the elevated temperature itself. Infants, particularly those under three months, are at higher risk of serious complications associated with fever and require prompt medical attention.

Assessment and Monitoring

Accurate temperature measurement is crucial, preferably rectally for infants under three months. Regular monitoring, frequency depending on the infant's age and condition, is essential. Observe for accompanying symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, poor feeding, rash, respiratory distress, or vomiting. These indicators guide further assessment and intervention.

Non-Pharmacological Interventions

  • Hydration: Adequate fluid intake is vital to prevent dehydration. Offer frequent small amounts of breast milk or formula.
  • Light Clothing: Dress the infant in light clothing to facilitate heat dissipation.
  • Tepid Sponging (with caution): Tepid (lukewarm, not cold) water sponging may provide temporary relief but should be used cautiously and only with medical guidance. Avoid alcohol-based solutions.
  • Cool Environment: Maintain a comfortably cool room temperature.

Pharmacological Interventions

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the medication of choice for fever reduction in infants, administered as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Ibuprofen is sometimes used for older infants (check with a doctor for appropriate age) but should never be given concurrently with paracetamol. Dosage is strictly age and weight-dependent, and exceeding recommended doses can be harmful. Never self-medicate; always consult a doctor before administering any medication to an infant.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Immediate medical attention is required for infants under three months with any fever, infants displaying severe symptoms (lethargy, poor feeding, difficulty breathing), infants with a fever lasting more than 24-48 hours despite treatment, or infants exhibiting signs of dehydration. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing serious complications.

Potential Complications

Untreated or inadequately treated fever in infants can lead to serious consequences, including seizures (febrile seizures), dehydration, and bacterial infections. Prompt medical evaluation is essential for early intervention and preventing long-term effects.