Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the lower jaw (mandible) to the temporal bone of the skull. Dysfunction in this joint can cause a variety of symptoms, often impacting chewing and jaw movement.

Anatomy and Physiology of the TMJ

The TMJ is a complex ginglymoarthrodial joint, allowing for hinge and gliding movements. Its components include the mandibular condyle, the articular fossa and eminence of the temporal bone, an articular disc, and surrounding ligaments and muscles.

Causes of TMJ Pain

• Dislocation or Subluxation: Displacement of the articular disc or mandible.
• Arthritis: Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory conditions can affect the joint.
• Muscle Disorders: Myofascial pain syndrome, involving spasms or tenderness in the jaw muscles (masseter, temporalis, etc.).
• Bruxism: Teeth grinding or clenching, often occurring during sleep.
• Trauma: Injury to the jaw or surrounding structures.
• Infections: Infections near the joint can cause inflammation and pain.
• Degenerative Changes: Age-related wear and tear on the joint.

Symptoms of TMJ Disorders

• Pain in the jaw, temple, or face.
• Difficulty chewing or opening the mouth widely.
• Clicking, popping, or grating sounds in the jaw joint.
• Limited jaw movement or locking of the jaw.
• Facial pain, headaches, or earaches.
• Neck pain and stiffness.

Diagnosis and Treatment of TMJ Disorders

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination and sometimes imaging studies (X-rays, MRI). Treatment options range from conservative measures like pain relievers, ice packs, and physical therapy to more interventional approaches such as joint injections, splints, or surgery. Treatment strategies are tailored to the specific cause and severity of the condition.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for TMJ disorders include genetics, female sex, arthritis, and stress.